Caneland Subdivisions a Blow to Rare Birdlife

Spotted Harrier

Despite local and state government restrictions on land use on sugarcane farms around the Maroochy River on Queensland's Sunshine Coast, properties are being busily subdivided with the blessing of the local council. New residential developments on flood-prone land are carving up once extensive areas of grassland and cane, putting at risk populations of Eastern Grass Owl, King Quail and other rare and threatened species.

Four new residences are being built along one road in the canelands near Bli Bli, while For Sale signs are popping up throughout the Maroochy River floodplain. Large areas of former caneland have been swallowed up by plans for a new runway for Sunshine Coast Airport, and for the Maroochy River golf course at Bli Bli.

New canelands subdivision near Bli Bli 

Although the Moreton sugar mill in Nambour closed in 2003, cane continues to be grown locally and is either sold as garden mulch or transported north to the Maryborough mill. A succession of government and expert reports have recognised the need to maintain the rural nature of the landscape, to protect both biodiversity and social amenity in the rapidly growing urban footprint of south-east Queensland.

Maroochy River floodplain grassland

Work on some of the recently subdivided properties had to be suspended following recent heavy rains as vehicles and bulldozers became bogged in muddy quagmires. A 2006 report by the CSIRO, Future Use of Sunshine Coast Cane Landscapes, says 7,000ha - close to half the Maroochy River floodplain - is poorly drained and flood-prone. Most of the floodplain - 13,000ha between Yandina in the west and Marcoola on the coast - is designated under the council's Maroochy Plan as a Sustainable Cane Lands Precinct.

The precinct is intended to be protected for cane and other farmland activities due to its agricultural value. The plan says the existence of cane in these areas forms an important part of the rural character of the shire. Urban uses and the fragmentation of land holdings, other than to enhance their long-term viability or provide for supporting infrastructure, "are not considered desirable or consistent with the intent for this precinct".

New canelands subdivision, Bli Bli

The state government's South-East Queensland Regional Plan is no less firm in laying down firm restrictions on caneland development. The regional plan excludes development for urban purposes on most caneland, except areas east of the Sunshine Motorway and close to Nambour and other towns, unless there is an "overriding public interest". The plan introduces a 100ha minimum lot size for subdivision in the Regional Landscape and Rural Production Area, which supposedly precludes further subdivision.  The regional plan "will permit almost no urban development of the caneland west of the motorway and even on land east of the motorway; the applications will be subject to sequencing and environmental limitations".

New canelands subdivison near Blli Bli

All of this seems to have gone out the window. Apart from the adverse social consequences of urban sprawl, and the likely impact that caneland subdivisions will have on the region's appeal as a tourist destination, once healthy populations of avian grassland rarities and specialties in the Maroochy River floodplain are shrinking rapidly. Species at risk include Eastern Grass Owl, Red-backed Buttonquail, King Quail, Lewin's Rail and several raptors including Spotted Harrier. These birds have happily co-existed with the cane farms for generations. They habitually make use of cane crops for shelter and feeding, while residing in the many areas of grassland that are slashed intermittently but are always to be found over parts of the area.

Spotted Harrier

I returned recently from a 10-day birding trip through western Queensland and saw just a single Spotted Harrier, notwithstanding an abundance of seemingly suitable habitat. I saw 4 of these lovely rare raptors in the space of a couple of hours this week during a drive through the Maroochy River canelands. One pair which has nested annually in recent years now has two large new residential developments in its territory.

Collared Sparrowhawk

Collared Sparrowhawk

One of the areas I visited was River Road, Yandina Creek, where Collared Sparrowhawk and Striated Heron were showing.

Striated Heron

Elsewhere on the Sunshine Coast, a pair of Nankeen Night-Herons are roosting at their regular spot above the amenities block at Wappa Dam.

Nankeen Night-Heron

Large flocks of Topknot Pigeons have moved from the hinterland mountains to the lowlands, where they are feeding on fruiting introduced Camphor laurel trees.

Topknot Pigeons

Topknot Pigeons

Glossy, Red-tailed and Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoos together at Amamoor

Glossy Black Cockatoo

I've not managed previously to see all species of eastern Australia's black cockatoos in one outing, so was chuffed to finally manage to do so during a 3-day campout with Glenn at Cedar Grove in Amamoor State Forest, in the Sunshine Coast hinterland.

Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo

Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoos were common about the camping area and in the nearby Pinus and Araucaria plantations; nothing unusual about that.

Glossy Black Cockatoo

Then I found a single male Glossy Black Cockatoo feeding in an Allocasuarina on a ridge about 1km from camp, along the (somewhat challenging and steep) 5km walking circuit. I watched it for some time, grabbing one ork after another, always using the left leg for plucking and feeding. Some orks were devoured with relish; others were discarded after a quick taste.

Red-tailed Black Cockatoo

I didn't expect the trifecta but we stumbled upon a nice flock of Red-tailed Black Cockatoos a short way up the road past the Gympie Muster camping area. They were presumably feeding on the numerous white cedars in the Amamoor Creek valley which were seeding at the time.

Azure Kingfisher

Fairy Gerygone

White-eared Monarch

Other nice birds included White-eared Monarch, Dusky Honeyeater, Azure Kingfisher and Fairy Gerygone (another genus trifecta here, with White-throated and Brown). Ebird checklist is here.

This was the first time out with our latest caravan acquisition and the new Isuzi vehicle to tow it. We had a harrowing time getting the van in and out of the big Triton shed but hopefully that can only get easier. Certainly the van was much easier to set up, roomier and more comfortable than the old camper trailer.

Amamoor - Cedar Grove

Amamoor was looking good after the decent rains of recent times.

Australian Hobby

Australian Reed-Warbler

A few other bits and pieces from about the Sunshine Coast. This hobby and reed-warbler were in the Yandina Creek Wetlands.

Little Grassbird

I went kayaking around Ewen Maddock Dam, where a few Little Grassbirds were present (ebird list).

Tawny Frogmouth

A frogmouth was out in the open up on Mt Ninderry.

Fantailed Cuckoo

Large-billed Scrubwren

A Large-billed Scrub-wren and an immature Fantailed Cuckoo, also on Mt Ninderry, while the finch was nearby at Yandina Creek.

Double-barred Finch

In Search of the Night Parrot

Night Parrot - Pic by John Young

Anyone planning on searching for the Night Parrot in western Queensland will be disappointed to learn that almost all suitable habitat in the vicinity of known sites is inaccessible due to state government conservation orders that have locked up a staggering 300,000ha of the state, including the prime scenic features of its biggest outback national park.

Area of likely Night Parrot sighting at Lark Quarry

Among other things, the conservation orders were intended to keep at bay an anticipated invasion by hordes of twitchers. In the view of the Queensland Government, the Night Parrot Recovery Team and Bush Heritage Australia (BHA), insensitive and selfish twitchers are a major threat to the survival of the species; how this is so has not been explained. Instead of being an obvious ally in efforts to save the Night Parrot, the birding community is persona non grata. It can be revealed now that a grand total of three vehicles in search of the Night Parrot have made the trek independently to the inhospitable Queensland Channel Country since John Young revealed his remarkable rediscovery of the species there four years ago.

Our little expedition was one of those three. I've returned recently from a Night Parrot hunt (April 3-April 8, 2017) with Melbourne birders Scott Baker and Bernie O'Keefe through this part of the world. (We spent additional time bird-watching in other areas as there were several species we were chasing.) The Night Parrot is now recorded from a multitude of sites in BHA's Pullen Pullen Reserve (where Young found his birds); the neighbouring Mt Windsor cattle property and Diamantina National Park; the nearby Goneaway National Park and - revealed here for the first time - Lark Quarry Conservation Park.

Checking out the spinifex

We failed to definitively connect with a Night Parrot. But we were treated to a feast of sensational birds as well as enjoying highly convivial company and time out camping in this harsh but glorious landscape of rugged sandstone escarpments and mesas framed by sweeping plains of Mitchell grass, sparse mulga woodlands and Coolabah-lined waterholes. All that was missing was a certain parrot.

Night Parrot killed by barbed wire fence in 2006 

Pre-trip preparations involved pouring over Google Earth maps, researching available information and extensive communication with interested parties. The only party that declined to be helpful was BHA management. BHA recently constructed a barbed wire fence along the western boundary of Pullen Pullen, notwithstanding concerns raised about potential risks to low-flying parrots; it was the finding of a Night Parrot decapitated by a similar fence just 17km from the southern end of the Pullen Pullen fence in 2006 that prompted Young's search. 

Rock cairn at Holmes Night Parrot site, Lark Quarry

There is no clear delineation on the ground between the southern boundary of Pullen Pullen, the adjoining northern boundary of Diamantina National Park, and various stock routes and road easements. I was keen to avoid the prospect of a $353,000 fine or 2 years in jail (courtesy of the Queensland Government conservation order) if we inadvertently crossed into Pullen Pullen. (As I reported recently, those willing to pay $25,000 for a glamping trip in the hope seeing a Night Parrot on the property, on the other hand, are most welcome.) However, BHA northern manager Rob Murphy ignored my repeated pleas to clarify the boundary situation; more on the boundary problem later.

We calculated that we needed six nights camping in the field to seriously undertake a Night Parrot search while allowing time to look for other goodies. It was necessary to carry drinking water and extra fuel; we would be travelling 700-800km between petrol bowsers, mostly on gravel roads in reasonable condition. Because of good rains late last year, the countryside was in relatively fine shape with plenty of ground cover and an adequate supply of water in dams and creeks for washing. The weather was unexpectedly hot for April; flies could be mildly maddening at times.

The line in red on the map above shows our main route through potential Night Parrot habitat where we focused on three main sites: Lark Quarry, Old Cork Road and the Diamantina Development Road. We travelled from Winton in the north to Windorah in the south through Diamantina National Park.

Glenn Holmes

As I reported early last year, I was contacted in late-2015 by Glenn Holmes, a highly regarded birder who told me he saw a Night Parrot along the Winton-Jundah Road in May 2012. Glenn wanted to get in touch with Steve Murphy, the then lead Night Parrot researcher at Pullen Pullen, to pass the record on. Holmes wrote to Murphy but did not receive the courtesy of a reply. To my knowledge, the sighting was not passed on to the Night Parrot Recovery Team.

I was unable to pursue the matter with Glenn at the time because I was travelling overseas. Sadly, soon after my return, he passed away. It was not until last September that I learned from Glenn's wife, Jenny, that he flushed a Night Parrot early one morning while camped near the junction of the Winton-Jundah Road and the road to Lark Quarry Conservation Park, 110km south of Winton. According to Jenny, Glenn was in no doubt about the bird's identity. Moreover, I learned in recent weeks of two unrelated incidents of bird calls being heard at night in the same area which reportedly sounded very like those of the Night Parrot. (The main calls of the species are publicly accessible on this site.)

Lark Quarry

It was evident from our research that the Night Parrot in western Queensland favours old growth spinifex hummocks on gently undulating slopes below the red sandstone escarpments that are a prominent feature of this country. The hummocks may be separated from each other by considerable areas of ironstone pavement or other rocky ground with little or no other vegetation: it is this feature which likely has protected the habitat from wildfires that have been so destructive of spinifex over much of inland Australia. The terrain in the area of Lark Quarry where Glenn Holmes saw his bird looked eminently suitable. We found a cairn of rocks in the vicinity of where his bird was flushed.

Camping at Lark Quarry

To conduct our daily searches, we would spread out shortly before sunset, positioning ourselves about 200m apart and listening intently for the next hour or so. The peak calling time for parrots begins about 15-20 minutes after sunset, when there is still a little light around and the last of the diurnal birds are shutting up. The calling continues intermittently for about 15 minutes, during which time birds may be seen in silhouette as they fly about low over the spinifex before departing their area of roosting sites for feeding areas further afield. The birds are more vocal after rain and when nesting but they call throughout the year.

Searching for Night Parrots is therefore not dissimilar to searching for Ground Parrots as calling times and duration - and the birds' behaviour - are alike. There is no evidence that spontaneous playback of calls helps to detect Night Parrots, although playback would presumably be useful for seeing birds after detecting calls. We searched for two evenings in the valley where Glenn Holmes saw his bird, and a third evening in the vicinity of the airstrip, where an interesting call had been reported to me separately. We repeated the survey process before dawn the following morning on each occasion. We had not a whisper from a parrot but did see other excellent birds, including Grey Falcon and Rusty Grasswren.

Flies were a nuisance at times

The Lark Quarry site is 115km north-east (as the parrot flies) of where John Young found his parrots in what is now Pullen Pullen but was then the southern end of the sprawling Brighton Downs cattle property. The habitat at Lark Quarry is not dissimilar to that of Goneaway National Park where Young, who works for the Australian Wildlife Conservancy, recently found a new population of the species. The spinifex is more heavily clustered and interspersed with more trees at Lark Quarry and in Goneaway than in the harsher Night Parrot environs further west. Interestingly, the birds seen recently in Western Australia appear to frequent quite different habitat to the Queensland birds - large areas of densely clustered spinifex growing on what appears to be sand dunes, as opposed to sparse hummocks in rocky terrain.

Habitat near Old Cork Road

The road from Winton to Lark Quarry was in much better condition than when I last travelled it many years ago, although there was scarcely any habitat that looked potentially suitable for Night Parrots; most of the spinifex could not be described as old-growth, a crucial element. The road further east from Winton to Opalton may be better, as may be the road south of Lark Quarry to Jundah, neither of which we tackled on this trip.

Camping by Old Cork Road

After our delightful stay at Lark Quarry (notwithstanding an absence of parrots) we headed west along Old Cork Road past Cork Station and through Muellers Range. I expected from looking at Google Earth maps that plenty of good habitat would be close to the road, but there were just two accessible spots that looked to have some potential. We checked out one of these, camping a little way north of the road and walking a few hundred metres to the base of the sandstone escarpment for our evening survey.

Scott and I separately heard distant, high-pitched musical bird call notes after sunset. As is now well-known, the Night Parrot has quite a repertoire of calls, not all of them publicly available. It is impossible for us to know whether what we heard was of interest. The calls were not repeated, and were not heard the next morning when we repeated the pre-dawn survey exercise.

Old Cork Homestead

Now firmly in the Channel Country, temperatures soared to decidedly uncomfortable levels (38-39 maximum) as we turned southwards at the historic Old Cork Homestead down the Diamantina River Road towards Brighton Downs and Pullen Pullen. Again, Google Earth maps were highly suggestive of good habitat along the 75kms between Old Cork and Brighton Downs, and we had permission to camp wherever we liked on Brighton Downs. 

Along the Diamantina Development Road

However, the only potential habitat was in a few inaccessible spots distantly to the east. There was nowhere else to look before we turned up at Brighton Downs homestead, the home of Peter and Carol Britton. Since the Brittons sold 55,000ha of Brighton Downs in 2015 to Bush Heritage Australia for the creation of Pullen Pullen, the BHA management and research team have been occupying the homestead's staff accommodation. It is not known how much this is costing BHA, which had to take out a $1.5 million mortgage as part of a $4 million acquisition and management program for Pullen Pullen, or indeed for how much longer BHA's presence will be welcome on the property.

Pullen Pullen's new fence

We continued south of Brighton Downs along 25km of the Diamantina River Road to the northern boundary of Diamantina National Park. Pullen Pullen begins a few kilometres south of the station, and it is here that the above-mentioned fence begins, extending all the way to the park boundary. The fence quite likely separates Night Parrots roosting in spinifex at the base of the sandstone escarpment of the Mayne Range from feeding grounds to the west of the road on the Diamantina River floodplain.

Off limits: habitat in Pullen Pullen

According to Pullen Pullen manager Alex Kutt, in a blog post published on February 14, the risk of birds being killed by barbed wire would be minimised by running a 40mm strip of bright white tape along the top wire, with bright orange flags placed every 100m "as a bit of extra flappy bird deterrent".

Off limits: habitat in Pullen Pullen

We saw no sign of flags or tape along the fence, but there was plenty of very nice-looking potential Night Parrot habitat in evidence. It extended along almost the entire western boundary of Pullen Pullen. But the habitat was on the wrong side of the road if you wanted to look for parrots. A relatively short distance east of the road  - just a few hundred metres in places - were lovely stands of old-growth spinifex at the base of the escarpment, but they may as well have been a few hundred kilometres away. To step across the fence risked a $353,000 fine.

Main entrance gate to Pullen Pullen

The locked entrance gate to the main Pullen Pullen research sites 10 km to the east of the road is immediately before the Diamantina National Park boundary, but the problem of accessing decent habitat does not end there. Good habitat continues southward for a few kilometres on the eastern side of the road in the national park, before and beyond another historic relict - the Mayne Hotel ruins.

Mayne Hotel ruins

But here again the habitat was off-limits, with sternly worded signs warning of heavy penalties for anyone venturing east of the main road bisecting the park. That means 240,000ha of national park is off-limits, including the beautiful mosaic of mesas and sandstone ridges in the north of the park - arguably its top aesthetic feature.

Off limits: habitat in Diamantina National Park

We were in a bind, with beautiful habitat in view but nowhere to look because of the twin state government conservation orders. Moreover, we had been warned that BHA, angered by recent publicity about its glamping tours, would be on the look-out for us. We decided to play it safe and camp close to the road in what appeared on the maps to be a narrow area of public space - either a road easement or stock route.

Buzzed by a helicopter

Here we were buzzed by a helicopter that flew in from Pullen Pullen, possibly participating in one of BHA's media extravaganzas. We were seriously limited in how far we could walk for surveying because of the risks of inadvertently straying either into Pullen Pullen or the wrong half of Diamantina National Park. Very early the next morning, Scott and I glimpsed a bird in the half-light flying low over the spinifex that looked interesting and parrot-like, but the view was way too brief to know what it was. 

Diamantina River from Janet's Leap

We had one more evening of camping up our sleeves with limited supplies, but keen to look for other birds, we camped at Gum Hole in the national park, taking in a fine view of the Diamantina River from Janet's Leap on the way. On the Mitchell grass plains we were to find another suite of nice birds, and here at last we didn't have to worry about Big Brother looking over our shoulders.

Welcome to Diamantina National Park

UPDATE 22/04/2017

I've been given additional information by the Queensland Environment Department in response to questions about the excluded areas of Diamantina National Park and Pullen Pullen. Its response is reprinted below.

Diamantina National Park

The area on Diamantina National Park (the park) that is referred to is... defined as the most suitable Night Parrot habitat based on surveys conducted in partnership with The Australian Wildlife Conservancy. It has been declared a Restricted Access Area (RAA) within the park.

This RAA is declared under the Nature Conservation Act and enables the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS) to better manage access to the habitat. Access to the habitat is possible (and can be issued as an authority to enter the area) through a permit. The RAA enables QPWS to enforce unauthorised access when detected and undertake compliance and enforcement actions as necessary.
QPWS will work within its own legislative framework and local police to investigate unauthorised access to the area.

The RAA will apply while QPWS works with researchers to better define habitat and the extent of the population in order to better protect it from impacts including disturbance. Restricting access to the area is a reasonable step to better manage the area and access to it.

Pullen Pullen

The Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (EHP) has not approached BHA regarding private tours to Pullen Pullen Reserve Nature Refuge. Note that Pullen Pullen Reserve Nature Refuge is not currently under an Interim Conservation Order (ICO). The last ICO, issued on 2 August 2016, expired on 30 December 2016.  ICOs are valid for 60 days and only able to be extended once for an additional 90 day period.

Pullen Pullen Reserve is private land. As such, entry onto the land is at the discretion of the landholder (i.e. BHA) unless there are specific restrictions through an ICO. Neither EHP nor the Department of National Parks, Sport and Recreation has been approached with any proposal to conduct commercial night parrot tours into the Pullen Pullen Reserve. Such tours do not require specific approval under the conservation agreement for Pullen Pullen Reserve Nature Refuge. Any unauthorised disturbance to the birds may be a breach of the Nature Conservation Act 1992.

[Information in the last paragraph seems to be somewhat at odds with what Environment Minister Steve Miles told me two weeks earlier: "Any unauthorised activities conducted on the property resulting in disturbance to the birds may be a breach of the Nature Conservation Act 1992, and therefore any ecotourism activity proposals for this area, commercial or otherwise, would be highly scrutinised."]